Determine the prevalence and pattern of killings in Quetta, Balochistan

Homicide is defined as Human life slaughter of a human being by the conduct of another human being. This study was conducted to determine the pattern of killing in Quetta. Observational study. All medico-legal autopsy reports conducted in Civil Hospital Quetta, by Department of Forensic Medicine, Bolan Medical College, Quetta, from 1[st] January, 2009 to 31[st] December, 2010 and police in quest reports of the respective cases were studied. All police inquest reports of the respective medico-legal autopsies were also made part of this study. Preformed were used to record Medico-legal case number, date, day and time of arrival of dead body and autopsy, brought by police or relatives cause of death, type of weapon used, type and site of injuries, place of occurrence, mode, manner and cause of death. A total of 200 cases of medico-legal autopsies were studied, out of which 113 were declared as homicidal deaths. The most common weapons used for homicide were Automatic firearm weapons. The most affected age group was 31 to 40 years followed by 21 to 30 years and 11 to 20 years. The cases of homicide in district Quetta are mostly by firearm weapons. Male are affected more than females. The most common age group affected is 31 to 40 years

Dental caries status among children aged 12-14 years in urban and rural areas of Lasbella district, Balochistan

To assess the dental caries status among 12 to 14 years old children in urban and rural schools. A cross sectional was done. The study was carried out at Lasbella District of Balochistan in October 2010. The duration of study was one month. The study was conducted in one urban and one rural school. The study population was consist of 108 students aged 12-14 year. The DMFT score was recorded on WHO recommended forms for dental caries status. The study period was one month and was conducted in one urban and two rural schools of Lasbella district. The study population consisted of 108 students and out of them 55.6% belonged to rural school and 44.4% belong to urban school. The mean DMFT of rural was higher 2.63 +/- 2.44 as compared to the urban population 2.08 +/- 2. DMFT was highest at the age of 13 years 2.55 +/- 2.17. Males had a higher mean of DMFT 2.46 +/- 2.17 as compared to females 2.32 +/- 2.44. Although there were no significant differences of means of DMFT by age, sex and location of school. Out of the total urban students 39.6% of school children were caries free as compared to 20% of students in the rural population. Our study highlighted the extent of dental disease in urban and rural areas of district Lasbella. There is need and high demand for dental services and awareness raising programs in these areas

Incidence of deaths due to gunshot injuries at district Barkhan, Balochistan

Objective: to determine the incidence of deaths due to gunshot injuries in the District Barkhan, Balochistan

Study design: a retrospective study

Place and duration: district Head Quarter Hospital Barkhan, Balouchistan from January 2007 to December 2010

Method: case records of deaths were selected on the basis of history of fire arm injury, cloth examination and general physical examination of the dead body. The injuries were numbered, chartered and their size, shape and exact site of gunshot injury and its diagnostic characteristic were noted

Results: the total number of patients was 268; 264 [98.51%] males and 4 [1.49%] females. The most common age group of victims was 31 to 40 years [166, 61.94%]. Most common time for gunshot crimes were at morning [114, 42.54%]. Among all the cases 97.1% were due to old hostility, homicidal 2.24% were accidental and only 0.75% was suicidal. The most common site of bullets' entry was chest and abdomen 56%. Automatic guns [AK47] were most frequently used i.e. in 254 [95%] cases

Conclusion: males of young age are very frequently assaulted by automatic weapons, most of the time due to long-term hostility. Chest and abdomen most frequently sustained bullets as compared to other parts of the body

Percentage of inflammatory cells in recurrent aphthous stomatitis in dental out patient department, Sheikh Zayed federal postgraduate medical Institute, Lahore

The objective of the study was to investigate the stages of recurrent aphthous stomatitis through cytological examination of the lesion which helps in diagnosis and treatment strategies. The study was carried out in Sheikh Zayed Federal Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore. It was a Cross sectional Study and was completed within six months. Sixty patients of RAS and 60 controls were recruited to the study. There were 4 subjects having 75% of neutrophils in their smears, while 38 subjects of RAS had 40% of neutrophils and 18 were those who had 50% of these cells in their smear. Forty persent monocytes were present in 46 subjects; remaining 16 subjects had 50% of monocytes in the lesion. Lymphocytes were seen in 40% [53] subjects having the lesions of RAS while only 7 subjects showed the presence of 50% in their lesions. Through cytological examination of the smears of RAS it was concluded that there was increased number of neutrophil cells accumulation in the early [pre-monitory and pre-ulcerative] stages of RAS population

Prevalence of dental caries among 12-year old school children in Quetta, Balochistan

To assess the prevalence of dental caries among 12 years-old school children. Cross sectional study. Quetta tehsil and study was conducted in March 2003. A total of 153 children name were randomly selected from 4 large public schools in both urban and rural areas and children who were absent at the day of clinical examination were excluded. Caries status was assessed by using WHO criteria [1997]. The results of this study showed that a total of 153 schoolchildren in tehsil [sub district] Quetta, Balochistan were examined. Of those children, 78 [51.0%] were boys and 75[49.0%] were girls. The results of this study showed that dental caries in this age group is very high in this area [81.0% with the mean DMFT=1.38]. More than half of them [52.9%] had one carious tooth and about 2.7% has more than four carious teeth. This study showed that boys had 1 .206[95%CI=1.030. 1.413] times more likely to experience dental caries than girls and the lower first molars were mostly affected by caries. High prevalence of caries and the dental prevention covers school children is still inadequate. Fissure sealant program should be launched to prevent caries in this age group. Further information needed for evaluating dental prevention measures and the success with which they have been targeted at high-risk groups in public school dental service in Quetta, Pakistan

Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding tooth loss among adult patients in Quetta, Balochistan

To assess the relationship between KAP of patients about dental treatment and tooth extraction status in tooth extraction and non-extraction case. Cross sectional study. Study was carried out at out patient department Sandeman teaching Hospital Quetta from January to February 1999. The source of the population were the patients aged 25-65 years attending out patient department at Sandeman teaching Hospital Quetta, The non-probability sampling was used, a total 205subjects were included in the study. Descriptive statistics, Chi-Square test and mean t-test was used. The behavior of the patients was determined by a questionnaire. There was 205 patients, among them 134 were tooth extracted cases and 71 were non-tooth extracted. Age was 25-65, and mean age was 37.38 +/- 11.09. Male were 63.9 percent and 36.1 percent were female. The K score is higher in non-extraction cases [mean 2.90+1.87] as compare to extraction case [mean 1.81+1.5], [p =.001].The mean of A score is higher in non-extraction cases [mean 21.69 +/- 6.1] compare to extracted cases [0.89 +/- 0.82], [p=.001]. The mean of P score is higher in non-extraction cases [1.59+1.112] than extraction cases [0.89+0.82], [p=0.001]. As a whole the KAP of non-extracted cases [mean 26.1 +/- 8.22] is better than extracted cases [mean 19.44+6.64], [p=.001]. The proportion of extracted group has low KAP score, [p = .001]. The findings suggested that the extracted cases were less educated, having low KAP and less number of teeth present in the oral cavity. In this regard preventive programs are to be initiated to change the patient perception towards dental treatment

Diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma of fine needle aspiration cytology

The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of using fine needle aspiration cytology [FNAC] as a primary diagnostic test in oral squamous cell carcinoma. The sample consisted of twenty cases of white and red lesions and forty cases of squamous cell carcinoma. FNAC and conventional incision biopsy was done on all the cases. A cytological and histopathological correlation was made. The result showed that both true positive and false negative result were obtained. In oral squamous cell carcinomas, 88.3% were true positive. 10% of false negative results were obtained in the white and red lesions. The overall positive correlation was 50%. The present study indicates that FNAC can be used as a reliable diagnostic test for oral squamous cell carcinoma